Advanced Neural Network Concepts – Just a heads up for now

1. Advanced Neural Network Concepts – Quick Glance

1. Activation Functions Beyond the Basics

  • Leaky ReLU, ELU, Swish, GELU – Fix vanishing gradients or improve convergence
  • Use case: Transformer architectures use GELU (e.g., BERT)

2. Weight Initialization Techniques

  • Xavier Initialization (for tanh)
  • He Initialization (for ReLU)
  • Helps avoid exploding/vanishing gradients from the start

3. Batch Normalization

  • Normalizes input of each layer to stabilize training
  • Acts like a regularizer (sometimes replaces dropout)

4. Residual Connections / Skip Connections

  • Introduced in ResNet
  • Allow gradients to flow through very deep networks

5. Attention Mechanism

  • Core idea: Let the network “focus” on important parts
  • Used in: Transformers, Vision Transformers (ViT), BERT

6. Transformers

  • Entirely attention-based, no convolutions or recurrence
  • Backbone of modern NLP and even vision models
  • Example: GPT, BERT, T5

7. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) & Variants

  • For sequence/time-series data
  • Variants: LSTM, GRU
  • Handle long-term dependencies (vs. simple RNNs)

8. Autoencoders & Variational Autoencoders (VAE)

  • Learn compressed latent representations
  • Use cases: Image denoising, anomaly detection, generative modeling

9. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

  • Two-player game: Generator vs Discriminator
  • Use cases: Image generation, style transfer, data augmentation

10. Transfer Learning

  • Reuse pre-trained models (like ResNet, BERT) for new tasks
  • Save training time + perform better on small datasets

11. Neural Architecture Search (NAS)

  • Let algorithms design the best network architecture
  • Advanced AutoML technique

12. Self-Supervised Learning

  • Learn from unlabeled data using pretext tasks
  • Foundation of GPT, SimCLR, BYOL

13. Optimization Tricks

  • Learning rate scheduling (cosine, exponential decay)
  • Warm restarts, Gradient Clipping
  • AdamW, Lookahead, RAdam optimizers

14. Explainability & Interpretability

  • SHAP, LIME, Integrated Gradients
  • Helps in model trust, debugging, and compliance (especially in healthcare/finance)

15. Model Compression & Deployment

  • Techniques: Quantization, Pruning, Knowledge Distillation
  • Tools: TensorFlow Lite, ONNX, CoreML, NVIDIA TensorRT

Next – Feed Forward mechanism with multiple Neurons